Postsleep recognition scores were similar (97%, 91%, and 85% correct for old, rotated, and new, SDs = 4%, 9%, 15%, respectively). For new faces, 74% (SD = 24%) were endorsed correctly as new faces. On the presleep recognition test, participants successfully recognized 97% (SD = 3%) of the identical old faces and 92% (SD = 7%) of the old faces that were rotated from their original view. Across all 80 names in the test, participants requested a mean of 0.77 (SD = 0.69) hint letters per name before sleep and 0.80 (SD = 0.75) after sleep. When requested, hints were provided in the form of up to three starting letters. On the name recall test, participants correctly recalled a mean of 74.04 (SD = 4.83) names before sleep and 75.00 (SD = 4.03) names after sleep (in each case from a total of 80 face-name associations). Memory testing demonstrated effective learning of faces and associated names. The influence of TMR on memory varied with duration of stage N3 sleep Figure 1 shows the experimental procedure schematically, and additional details are provided in METHODS. After awakening, participants were exposed to additional faces and names, potentially interfering with the original learning. Then, during a period of sleep, some of the spoken names and associated background music were softly presented. Next, we assessed both face recognition and name recall. Recall training, feedback, and visualization practice served to solidify this learning. To learn the names of these pupils, participants viewed each face adjacent to the corresponding written name, while also hearing the spoken name.
Learning was accompanied by a background music track, either traditional Japanese music or traditional Latin-American music, respectively. We developed a procedure whereby participants learned about people ostensibly in either a Japanese History class or a Latin-American History class.
Because learning face-name associations is an important and widely relevant form of memory, we asked whether TMR could enhance this type of learning. In addition to functioning as a powerful research tool, TMR offers the potential to enhance memory with a simple, noninvasive intervention during sleep, which may be useful in many scenarios. Moreover, the notion that TMR benefits memory through reactivation is supported by neuronal evidence of hippocampal place cell replay engaged following the presentation of learning-related sounds during sleep 11. After sleep, people remember information associated with the cue stimulus better than other information that was equally well-learned, a frequently reported finding confirmed in a recent meta-analysis 10. Researchers then present the same sensory cue, while people sleep, without waking them. In the TMR procedure, information that people learn is associated with a sound or smell during learning. In recent years, Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) has emerged as a useful tool for investigating this process 9. The delineation of these neural events and their specific ramifications for memory has become increasingly central to memory research and the science of learning.Ī prevalent view is that memories can benefit due to spontaneous replay during sleep 5, 6, 7, 8. What determines which memories continue to be enduringly available and which are forgotten? Given that the human brain is remarkably active during sleep, researchers have asserted that neural events during sleep may function to stabilize and strengthen recently acquired memories 1, 2, 3, 4. Yet, there are also times when we fail to recognize someone-and it can be embarrassing when we forget a name that we should have remembered. Most people are extraordinarily adept at recognizing the faces of individuals, even those they’ve met just once. We often rely on face recognition and name recall-such as when we notice friends from a distance and call to them by their names. We conclude that (a) reactivation of specific face-name memories during sleep can strengthen these associations and the constituent memories, and that (b) the effectiveness of this reactivation depends on uninterrupted N3 sleep.
This manipulation preferentially improved name recall and face recognition for those reactivated face-name pairs, as modulated by two factors related to sleep quality memory benefits were positively correlated with the duration of stage N3 sleep (slow-wave sleep) and negatively correlated with measures of sleep disruption.
Participants studied 80 face-name pairs, and then a subset of spoken names with associated background music was presented unobtrusively during a daytime nap. We investigated whether targeted memory reactivation during sleep could improve associative and perceptual aspects of face memory. Like many other memory functions, it may rely on sleep. Face memory, including the ability to recall a person’s name, is of major importance in social contexts.
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